BSDB

The conformational change and the identification of the mechanical clamp for proteins can be derived by looking at the unfolding scenario. A unfolding scenario shows distance d_u at which a given native contact is broken for the last time. Contacts in the scenario diagrams are identified by the sequential distance |j - i|. A contact is said to be broken if the distance between amino acids i and j exceeds 1.5σ_ij. An accumulation of many contacts unfolding events at a value of d_u indicates emergence of a force peak. In such figure the y-axis shows the sequential separation between two amino acids that make a native contact. The x-axis indicates at which displacement of the pulling tip the contact is broken for the last time. Notice that thermal fluctuations may reinstate a broken contact temporarily and that’s why we seek the last, and thus definitive, rupture event.

As an example we show the unfolding diagram for the first chain of protein 1c4p. This protein contains an α helix (196-210), denoted as I, and eight β strands, denoted as A through H, as labelled consecutively from the N to C termini. These β strands form three β sheets: a, b, and c. The a sheet comprises four strands (A, B, G, E), b sheet two ( C, F), and c-sheet also two ( D, H). These letters are indicated on the unfolding scenario figure and show which secondary structures are involved in a contact that is broken at the distance d_u. The data symbols marked by asterisks correspond to contacts which do not involve any secondary structures. The remaining symbols are diversified and have a meaning identified by the letter symbols placed next to them. The force peak at about 140 Å involves a near simultaneous rupture of the contacts which relate to the terminal strands A and G: A+G (meaning between A and G), A+I, G+I (i.e. with the helix) as well as D+H, A+B, E+G, D+G, C+G, and A+C. Breaking these contacts results in destroying the a β-sheet. Later on, the remaining contacts, such as C+F in the b sheet are broken and the helix is the last to unravel.

ICN I J |I-J| Displacement error 1 4 8 4 203.12 3.96 2 4 9 5 203.12 3.96 3 4 11 7 187.09 4.05 4 5 8 3 220.75 0.37 5 10 13 3 241.56 1.38 6 11 15 4 214.94 0.26 7 11 16 5 139.19 4.10 8 12 15 3 231.78 0.86 9 12 16 4 189.73 2.74 10 14 60 46 60.99 1.41 11 15 53 38 80.41 0.59 12 15 56 41 74.70 1.77 13 16 49 33 88.59 0.71 14 17 21 4 212.03 0.10 15 17 22 5 212.01 0.10 16 17 25 8 198.70 0.45 17 17 46 29 89.94 0.18 18 17 49 32 88.61 0.71 19 17 53 36 87.60 0.60 20 17 54 37 87.42 0.53 21 17 57 40 87.28 0.47 22 18 21 3 215.72 0.55 23 18 22 4 212.06 0.11 24 18 49 31 90.28 0.35 25 19 22 3 212.06 0.11 26 19 23 4 212.06 0.11 27 20 23 3 212.06 0.11 28 20 24 4 212.09 0.12 29 21 24 3 220.56 1.16 30 21 25 4 212.29 0.02 31 21 46 25 93.50 1.65 32 21 49 28 90.43 0.40 33 22 25 3 221.81 0.54 34 22 26 4 217.62 2.62 35 22 57 35 87.99 0.82 36 22 61 39 87.17 1.14 37 23 26 3 223.41 0.27 38 23 27 4 212.35 0.01 39 24 27 3 213.62 0.63 40 24 28 4 212.12 0.12 41 24 44 20 94.26 1.41 42 24 45 21 94.26 1.41 43 24 46 22 94.23 1.41 44 25 28 3 211.95 0.34 45 25 29 4 211.81 0.27 46 25 46 21 94.22 1.43 47 25 54 29 88.55 0.73 48 25 57 32 88.27 0.86 49 25 58 33 88.20 0.85 50 25 61 36 88.03 0.95 51 26 29 3 218.36 2.25 52 26 30 4 213.56 0.60 53 26 58 32 88.22 0.86 54 26 61 35 88.20 0.86 55 26 66 40 66.59 0.14 56 26 67 41 60.26 1.26 57 27 30 3 216.90 1.53 58 27 31 4 210.64 0.03 59 27 44 17 110.52 1.30 60 28 31 3 211.81 0.06 61 28 32 4 204.43 0.78 62 28 33 5 201.59 2.20 63 28 40 12 115.37 1.11 64 28 44 16 110.53 1.31 65 29 33 4 172.34 0.34 66 29 34 5 140.40 6.21 67 29 37 8 140.35 6.24 68 29 40 11 122.05 0.82 69 29 58 29 88.70 0.69 70 31 44 13 122.70 0.47 71 32 36 4 219.75 1.67 72 32 39 7 136.29 0.49 73 32 40 8 134.74 1.26 74 32 43 11 128.65 3.33 75 32 44 12 122.73 0.48 76 33 36 3 227.47 1.31 77 34 37 3 250.83 0.34 78 34 58 24 92.72 1.39 79 34 62 28 92.62 1.36 80 36 39 3 217.09 0.59 81 36 40 4 212.16 3.06 82 37 40 3 212.16 3.06 83 37 41 4 212.16 3.06 84 37 51 14 93.56 1.57 85 37 54 17 93.57 1.55 86 37 55 18 93.53 1.55 87 37 58 21 93.59 1.54 88 38 41 3 221.14 1.44 89 38 42 4 208.93 1.44 90 38 51 13 93.73 1.55 91 39 42 3 219.12 2.45 92 39 43 4 208.91 1.44 93 40 43 3 216.04 0.80 94 40 44 4 205.28 0.18 95 40 46 6 194.86 4.29 96 40 54 14 93.62 1.54 97 41 44 3 216.04 0.80 98 41 46 5 149.23 0.34 99 41 51 10 93.74 1.54 100 41 54 13 93.67 1.55 101 46 49 3 218.46 0.35 102 46 54 8 141.31 1.33 103 49 53 4 209.28 2.85 104 50 53 3 216.25 0.62 105 50 54 4 209.31 2.84 106 51 54 3 217.22 0.51 107 51 55 4 209.30 2.84 108 52 55 3 212.05 4.22 109 52 56 4 209.29 2.84 110 53 56 3 216.51 2.03 111 53 57 4 211.16 1.67 112 54 57 3 216.70 0.70 113 54 58 4 211.53 1.48 114 55 58 3 219.34 0.62 115 55 59 4 212.67 0.91 116 56 59 3 216.41 0.56 117 56 60 4 212.67 0.91 118 57 60 3 217.45 0.74 119 57 61 4 211.82 3.34 120 58 61 3 218.73 0.11 121 58 62 4 218.72 0.10 122 58 66 8 164.65 1.24 123 58 67 9 141.50 2.46 124 59 62 3 218.73 0.11 125 59 63 4 211.81 3.34 126 60 63 3 218.72 0.11 127 60 64 4 214.62 1.94 128 61 64 3 218.71 0.10 129 61 65 4 211.31 3.58 130 61 66 5 167.31 1.91 131 62 65 3 202.58 0.80 132 62 67 5 141.50 2.46